Effects of Migration on Women

Introduction Since time memorial, people from all walks of life migrate to countries in search for better life opportunities. Migrations occur as a result of wars, natural disasters or even in search for better job opportunities. According to the 2011 immigration statistics, 29,436 male and 26,948 female immigrants relocated to the US. Over the years, the difference between male and female migrants reduced drastically as a result of women joining other family members who migrated earlier.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Migration on Women specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Detailed analysis Most women migrate due to circumstances than choice unlike men who migrate in search of job opportunities. Women join their husbands during migration to avoid being left alone. The low number of women migrating is as a result of the physical and emotional attachment they have with their home countries. This reluctance is as a result of cultural believes which requires women to stay at home and take care of the family. In the end, women have a stronger bond or attachment to their homes and families than men. In many societies, age of a person determines whether one is able to migrate. The young and energetic women migrate more than the aged. Most men migrate irrespective of their ages since they are able to withstand long journeys during migration. Young women migrate to escape poverty and cultural practices which infringe on their rights. Economically, migrating women are able to get household jobs easier than their male counterparts since they are low paying jobs. This makes women an easy target for exploitation, abuse and discrimination. In most cases, female migrants earn less than their male counterparts. On the brighter side, women tend to remit more money back home to support their families compared to men. These jobs overburden women with a lot of responsibilities to supplement what the husband brings at the end of the day. In the end, women migrants work for longer hours with little or no time to rest. In most cases, the rights and freedom of women migrants are infringed during transit or in the destination countries. The most common form of violation includes sexual and physical abuse. In some cases, people kidnap women to give cheap labor in the destination countries. The perpetrators know that they can get away with their crime since the victims cannot accuse them due to fear of arrest and deportation. They sometimes work under harsh conditions which affect them emotionally and physically. The rights of men are rarely violated since they are able to defend themselves when attacked.Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In war prone areas, women and children are the ones who bear most of the brunt from the conflict. Since they have no option, they have to walk long distances in search for safe haven. They then take the role of father which poses a greater challenge especially when raising the children. Migration can also happen for good reasons like family reunion. Women and children migrate to reunite with their male family members. Reunion offers a chance for the women to enjoy better lifestyles especially in countries like the US where people respect the rights and freedom of women. They also get more conducive environment away from oppression and cultural practices. Conclusion From the discussion above, one concludes that the benefits women migrants enjoy are far less than what they get. As a result, women lose more during migration than they gain. This essay on Effects of Migration on Women was written and submitted by user Landyn Mckenzie to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Problems in Gov essays

Problems in Gov essays Major issues state governments confront in the U.S. are basic issues that people have a lot to say about. These issues are interest group pressure, waste management, gambling, abortion, gun control, capital punishment, and emergency services. But first lets look at why people vote or do not vote. Why vote is a question that people try and figure out but just can not see reasons why they should take the time to make there way out on an election day and cast there vote. Local and state elections get about 30% of the people in there county, city, or state to come out and vote. Presidential elections always get larger amounts of people to come out and vote. Why do people stay home on Election Day? In class we rationally theorized to try and understand the nonvoting in the states. We came up with a few reasons, they are as follows: Registration requirements that are restrictive, there must be a good competition between the candidates, and peoples civic attachments and education. Hate, l ie, and vote this is the way a rational voter thinks. Rational voters are ones who seek to maximize personal benefits and minimize costs. Then you have your loyal voter. A loyal voter is someone who votes every time and is there for every election, no matter what its for. People who are loyal voters are usually old, wealthy, educated, and/or white. It takes a certain type of person to run for office or participate in the election campaign in someway. The following percentages are of the people who participate in politics: How do you get people to vote/register to vote? You could go door to door to peoples houses, usually job of a councilman. When someone applies for a license they have an opportunity to register. This is the Voter/Motor Law. When a person applies for welfare they have the opportunity to apply to vote also. This is part of the welfare reform. People will go to the polls when they feel that the election is close because t...

How can we apply or relate the article with the health care today Essay

How can we apply or relate the article with the health care today - Essay Example The results of overpopulation causes high unemployment rate, but more importantly, earth simply doesn’t have enough space to encompass an enormous population and feed them all at the same time. And in addition to that, the amount of waste emitted simply has no other place to go which may even lead to harmful chemicals leaking to the water system and affecting the drinking water used in households. As it is, fresh drinking water is no longer as abundant as it used to be. Waste products always tend to find their way to the ocean and oil wastes in particular are constantly affecting the marine ecosystem. The food industry is constantly researching ways to speed up the growth of food stocks to meet the demands of a world that needs constant feeding, which brings us genetically enhanced products, usually by growth hormones used to enhance the stocks, on our dinner tables. Over time, the rapid multiplication of the population, constant consumption of enhanced edibles and a frequent exposure to a polluted environment will result to the inevitable outbreaks of diseases and illnesses. The amount of waste emitted everyday all over the world, from plastics, cans, oil wastes and other industrial toxics are more than what we know what to do with.

Stem Cell Research Legislation Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Stem Cell Legislation - Research Paper Example Humans have two types of stem cells, which include adult and embryonic stem cells. Embryonic cells come blastocyst’s inner layer. The adult stem cells are located in various tissues with varying potency. Potency of the stem cells indicates the number of cell types that can differentiate from the stem cells (Solo & Gasil, 2007). Embryonic cells are said to be pluripotent meaning they differentiate to form an array of tissues. This has attracted a controversial debate on the use of embryonic stem cells for treatment as well as research. This paper will explore the history of stem cell legislation in the US as well as compare this legislation to other statutes in the world. It will also elaborate on the current statutes concerning stem cell as well as the future of these statutes. The policies and laws on stem cell in the USA have undergone various, complicated changes over the years. Adult stem cells were first used for the treatment of leukemia in 1970. However, because of thei r limited potency, their use in research and treatment is limited. The debate on the use of embryonic stem cells is attributed to the fact that these cells are obtained from live embryos produced in the lab (Bellomo, 2006). The controversial issue surrounding this debate is the question on when life begins in humans. This is because some argue that the embryos created in the lab are humans and with rights to live. History on Legislation Roe Wade legalized abortion in the US in 1973. Five years after this, scientists and physicians delivered the first human following in vitro fertilization. These created the need for the federal government to enact policies and laws that restricted the use of public funds in the research of embryonic stem cells. All through history, there were no laws barring stem cell research in the USA (DeGette, 2008). However, the government put a restriction on the funding of the research based on stem cells. During President’s Clinton administration, the National Health Institute advised the government to permit the use of public funds for research on embryos. However, Clinton citing various moral and ethical issues declined to issue funds for this research. Furthermore, Clinton signed the Dickey Amendment in 1995 which forbade the use of federal money in funding the research on human embryos. The use of human embryonic stem cells for research featured significantly during Bush’s first term in office. In February 2001, he requested for the review of the NIH request concerning federal funding for research on the stem cells. Later on in August 2001, Bush issued a ban on the use of public funding in the research of human stem cells (DeGette, 2008). He argued that the creation and abortion of fetuses for the purpose of research was destroying human life and thus, should be avoided. In an effort to lift this ban, both 109th and 110th Congresses passed Bills to life the ban. However, both bills were vetoed by Bush using his Presid ential powers. The 109th Congress also passed a Bill that banned the creation and destruction of human embryos for research purpose (DeGette, 2008). In 2005, the House passed the Stem Cell Enhancement Act which sought to allow the allocation of federal funds to research on human embryonic stem cells. The Presidential vetoed the Bill; therefore, it was never enacted into law. Later on, in 2006, Senate passed the Bill but the President did not approve it. In 2007, the legislation on stem cell research

THE EVOLUTION OF MACROECONOMICS IN THE UK Essay

THE EVOLUTION OF MACROECONOMICS IN THE UK - Essay Example In this sense, it can be implied that only in times of market failures are governments are justified to intervene. This paper will explore the different viewpoints of classical and Keynesian economic principles and concludes how prevailing economic policies are only transient and evolutionary. II. Fundamental Policy Issues A. Classical Economics The classical economic thought resides on the simple concept that the market can work effectively even without any form of human intervention. The market, as Adam Smith puts it, possesses an invisible hand that automatically puts the economy back into plump shape when otherwise with the guiding advocacy to let the government leave market activity into the interests of individuals (2009z: 400). Smith states that the â€Å"governments that intervene in the market activity only represent the wealthy and the powerful† rather than a mass (as cited in Sowell 1994: 23). Even to classical liberals such as Frederic Bastiat, state interference o n any activity which goes beyond its functions (i.e. maintaining order and justice) is a â€Å"usurpation upon conscience, upon intelligence, upon industry; in a word upon human liberty† (as cited in Haney 1911: 257). ... From this standpoint stemmed the principle of laissez-faire which would eventually resolve deficiencies in employment and output levels. B. Keynesian Economics According to the brainchild of Keynesian economics, John Maynard Keynes, the government is the only fundamental societal structure that can manage the aggregate demand from households, businesses, and the government itself to ensure price stability (Korten 2010). Keynesian economics assume the opposite of what classical economists theorise -- that a free market is not self-correcting so that it would result in unemployment in the process (the Great Depression, being the proof). Furthermore, market forces will consume a long period to bring back full employment because in the real -time market, demand is not sufficient to maintain full employment (Cowling & Sugden 1990: 108). Keynesian economists say that in order to efficiently sustain employment at full level, the government must push through monetary and fiscal policies (i.e . increase government spending and decrease taxation) in order to stimulate the aggregate demand for commodities, hence creating additional employment opportunities (Cowling & Sugden 1990: 108). When there is a right level of demand, the supply-side would look after itself (Cowling & Sugden 1990: 108). This would result in an increase of budget deficit (Cowling & Sugden 1990). However, Keynesian economists sustain that this is only justifiable. III. Theory A. Market Equilibrium: On Fluctuating Prices a.1. Classical Perspective Market clearing in both the labor and commodities markets is entirely possible because of equilibrium forces (Free 2010: 73). For instance, when the supply exceeds demand, the market reaches equilibrium if prices decrease which is only an inevitable

Autonomy in elderly care: A literature review

Autonomy in elderly care: A literature review Introduction Older persons in history have been regarded as dependent because of the physical body changes that come with growing older. These physical changes greatly affect the normal functioning and the effectiveness with which they operate and hence the need for external support both at the physical and social levels (Agich, 2003). As the physical energy wanes, so does the level of activity not only to support themselves physically but also on a wider scale. It is these very changes that bring to light the issues of care and dependence of older persons on caregivers and/or family support. However and important to note, like in the rest of other social groups, older persons are a heterogeneous group in terms of gender, race, culture, class and otherwise (Bond and Corner, 2004) and therefore, there needs vary accordingly. Further, as Bond and Cabrero (113: 2007) point out, mental and physical incapacity and disability which lead to dependence are common stereotypes of human ageing. Older people in care or not have been seen as frail and therefore unable to make decisions, communicate, and engage in meaningful relationships with their surrounding environment. As a result, their autonomy in care has been compromised. Jacob (1999) cited in Townsend (2009) compounds it further that professionals and families of older people as well consciously and unconsciously bear discriminatory assumptions about them. To this end, this paper explores autonomy of older people in care in depth, evaluates existing social work practice and suggests strategies to ensure both caregivers and service users promote an interdependence that would help in reinforcing control and respect for service users. Collopy (1988) defines autonomy as a set of notions that promote freedom, self-determination, independence that is signifying control and the power to make decisions by the individual. From a medical view point once one is admitted into care they are not well and therefore cannot cope on their own let alone make decisions. Because of this, they are viewed as patients who are incapacitated and therefore have to depend on caregivers. However, one wonders whether all older persons are incapacitated on all fronts. Even when they are fragile, do the Caregivers have sufficient expertise to socialize and communicate with them? These and other questions remain largely unanswered. This view therefore tends to ignore the strengths and abilities of the older persons. Like Runciman cited in Bond and Corner (2004) explains, in understanding social status, it is more meaningful to study individuals from their perspective and values so as correct judgments are made about them. Like all other social groups, older people too would be better understood from the view point of their everyday experiences at an individual level other than having to impose what we think is best for them. This would imply that understanding older persons’ desires means a lot to them rather than assuming that we know all they need. Understanding of Autonomy and Care for Older Persons Contextually Autonomy as a concept connotes a different set of meanings depending on the setting or context. It is defined differently in a sense that it means different things to different users and therefore taking one meaning or usage would very much complicate its very usage at the different cultural and societal levels on the whole (Agich, 2003). The fact that it spells out different meanings and qualities, in care for older persons too, would be quite a challenge for both the service users and the Caregivers themselves. Autonomy as a cultural ideal under the guise of freedom of choice especially in the western context is very much viewed as a necessary feature for any individual. In regard to United States for example, freedom is seen as a basic of life and therefore without which, is deprivation of an individual of a basic right (Agich, 2003). It is important to note that this freedom starts at birth throughout life and therefore including in old age, whether in care or not. In care too, w ithout the liberty for one to advance their choices would be seen as degrading by the service user and therefore subservient to the caregiver (Agich, 2003). However this raises the question of what might happen when the service user is suffering from a severe cognitive impairment? This clearly indicates the challenge of according full autonomy to service users. On the other hand in countries like South Africa where the elderly are seen as very important assets within their communities, it is argued that freedom begins with avoiding taking elders away from their very communities to institutionalized care (Lombard and Kruger, 2009). Institutionalized care would be seen as denying older persons an environment they consider natural and fulfilling. This entails an environment which allows them to share their older age with their kith and kin; who in this case know them better and therefore interdependence remains natural. Further, this kind of setting allows for respect and control of older persons based on cultural values. Even when older persons are mentally incapacitated, the family caregiver will know what they have always desired that is, their favorite food, dressings, entertainment and the like. This in a sense allows for older persons freedom in a manner that is fulfilling in this kind of context. However, it cannot go without mention th at this kind of setting requires strong family structures that allow for time and financial capacity from the family members to take care of the elderly. With the spread of neo-liberalism that promotes capitalism and individualism, some of these especially extended family systems have broken down hence rendering older persons susceptible to dependence on hired caregivers in a family setting or institutional care (Lombard and Kruger, 2009). Evaluation of Existing Social Work Practice and Care Provision for Older People Inasmuch as the intentions of care for older persons are seen as good, the outcomes of both institutionalized and family care are not always pleasant (Talerico, 2004). When service users are put into care, the assumption is that it is for the wellbeing of the service users because they are being given help physically, socially and otherwise. This in many a case does not always happen because of the very nature of how older person are perceived in the eyes of the caregivers. The societal perceptions of older persons delude caregivers of the capacities and strengths that service users possess. As Townsend (2006) theorizes it, these very perceptions give birth to the ideas of ‘structured dependence’ for older persons. For example a situation where the state deliberately introduces structures and policies like compulsory institutional care for older persons that are very much underpinned by the very disempowering and biased perceptions held strongly by society. Caregivers base their understanding of service users on the very notions they grow up with which in many cases misguides their treatment of older persons (Jacobs, 1999 cited in Townsend, 2003). In which case, service users find themselves in a difficult situation that is, cannot voice their concerns either because the surrounding environment is not supportive enough or for fear of retaliation from the caregivers (Townsend, 2006). In an investigation conducted in the United Kingdom by ‘Help the Aged International’ (2002), older persons in long-term care have suffered a series of blows partly due to the lack of quality assurance on part of the institutions and also a lack of competence from the caregivers on how to communicate with service users to deliver the required services (Townsend, 2006). A classic example in this investigation highlights a woman who was suffering from Alzheimer’s disease; she was dying of dehydration but no one could tell and she finally pas sed on. This is clearly an indication of lack of expertise on part of the Caregivers and as well an indicator of many others who are in the same or even worse-off situation. The fact that they could not communicate with her, they decided to take matters in their own hands; clears indicates of how dependence on Caregiver can get messy especially when there is a lacking in skills or quality assurance by the caregivers whether in institutional or family setting. On the other hand, very few studies explore the experience of older persons’ autonomy in care, whether in institutionalized or family in the developing world. Nonetheless, in a study conducted in South Africa, there is an indication of a shift in policy of primarily taking away older persons from institutionalized care to community based care with a view of keeping them closer to their kith and kin (Lombard and Kruger, 2009). However, due to issues of neo-liberalism which advance capitalism and individualism, this leaves older persons in family care at even greater risk as would-be caregivers opt for work and hire caregivers who despite the cultural attachment with these older persons, are little known to the service users. Despite being in family settings, little is known whether the hired caregivers promote values of preferences and control of older persons. This puts the issues of meaningful relationships and interdependence in question for the older person in this kind of setting. As cited by Zubi and Conolly (2013), as well in cases where the institutional care exists, there are cases of understaffing and under funding of care activities for older persons. As a result, this raises the levels of fatigue and emotional exhaustion which leads to compromise in the quality of care. This is a clear depiction that with burnout of caregivers, self-determination of service users is not anything that would be given priority. Further, in a study conducted by Leece and peace (2009), in which an attempt to understand what autonomy and independence of service users in care meant to caregivers, majority of them concluded that a service user had to be in a position to do everything on their own. Considering the wider and contextual understanding of autonomy; for example in terms of decision making and positive relationships, this is an indicator of how caregivers unconsciously take service users for granted in care and hence a need for evaluation of social care practice. It is important to note that inasmuch as some service user are not in a position to make decisions on their own, Talerico (2003) stresses that caregivers have taken no initiative in trying to understand how to communicate with them so as to create an environment of interdependence; that is understanding their daily activities, abilities, values and histories. All this would go a long way in shaping the caregiver’s approach to interdepen dence in care (Agich, 2003). Strategies to Improve Older Persons’ Autonomy in Care As stressed by Talerico (2004), care settings are congregated environment in which the most important thing is maximizing health and support. She adds that these very goals defeat the very purpose of autonomy because as oppose to individual choices generalist care is promoted. It should be noted however that this can raise ethical questions because service users are different and therefore their needs vary. As fronted by Leece and Peace (2009), establishment of personalized care for services users would go a long way in addressing this. This means that caregivers give a special attention to individual to not only understand their histories, values and choices but establishing effective skills of communicating with them on the whole. Even older persons with cognitive difficulties can communicate (Agich, 2003). Therefore, Caregivers must be equipped with these skills to give more meaning to care for older persons. From the earlier discussion of caregivers who understood autonomy of older persons in care as only being able to perform tasks independently, it is very clear that communities of practice are very important. These mainly refer to a multidisciplinary approach to working with older persons in care. This emphasizes working with different professionals who work together to determine what’s best for service users (wenger et al cited in May, 2009). As nurses focus on the medical component, social workers focus on their values and preferences and policy makers advance policies that promote older people’s necessities at all levels. This promotes a better understanding older person whether in care or not. As well, this implies better working relationship not only among professionals but also with service users who are engaged at different levels. Further, this in a sense, promotes interdependence among them as dependence is phased out. In addition to promoting a better understan ding older persons, specialist skills training would be important for the effective intervention of professionals at different levels. This explains the case for being able to communicate, identify their strengths and abilities and the like. Advocacy for the rights of older people would serve to bring their issues to the forefront (HelpAge International, 2010). Historically and socially, older people have been looked at from a medical view point as frail and therefore unable to perform task let alone making their own decisions. This is clearly a sweeping generalization that does not fit the bracket of all older persons. But because this has been the case for a long time, it has come to be accepted and upheld. This line of thought therefore very much underpins the policies and activities that are geared towards older people where they are seen as ‘dependent’ as oppose to partners in working. Therefore, in deconstructing this line of thought, advocacy through community dialogue and raising aware awareness of older persons’ issues autonomy in care among which, would go a long way rectifying the age-old negative connotations about ageing. As communities accept to dialogue and become aware of the reality o f old age, policies and agendas will begin to come up. In the long run this shapes the societal outlook of older persons at every single level. HelpAge International (2010) highlights how Tanzanian older women have been branded witches by their societies. As a result, this explains the kind of nasty treatment that they have been accorded whether in care or not. But by dialoguing with communities, the trend is changing for the better. Important to note is that advocacy would not directly promote autonomy in care for older persons but rather it goes a long way in pushing for older persons’ concerns high on the agenda. With the guidance of social workers, this in the short run would guide social policy and in the long run challenge and change societal outlook of ageism. Conclusion In a nutshell, if older persons are to gain control over their lives in care, then there needs to be a re-conceptualization of caring for older people; â€Å"where caregivers become supporters and advocates but not custodians and guardians as it were† (Nolan et al, 2001). As oppose to older persons being passive recipients of care, they become active participants who have some sort of control over their life while in care. This very much promotes interdependence between service users and caregivers. Concretely, as advanced by Rogers (1974), an individual-centered approach to caring, where the service user is placed at the centre of activities, would help caregivers in identifying the specific strengths and abilities of service users and therefore creating better working relationships which in the end promote interdependence and an acceptable level of control of service users. References Agich G. J. (2003) Dependence and Autonomy in Old age: An Ethical framework for Long-term Care, 2nd Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University press. Bond, J and Cabrero, G.R. (2007) Ageing in Society: European perspectives on Gerontology 3rd Edition, London: Sage publications Bond, J and Corner, L. (2004) Quality of life and Older people, 1st edition, McGraw Hill: Open University Press Fine, M. and Glendinning, C. (2005) ‘Dependence, independence or inter-dependence? Revisiting the concepts of ‘care’ and ‘dependency’. Ageing and Society, 25, 601-21, available online at http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/1653/1/dependency.pdf [accessed 2 January 2014] HelpAge International (2010) Women’s rights in Tanzania. [Online] Available from http://www.helpage.org/what-we-do/rights/womens-rights-in-tanzania/ [Accessed 3 January 2014]. Katz, P.R., R.L. Kane, Mezey, and D. Mathy (Eds.). 1995. Quality Care in Geriatric Settings: Focus on Ethical Issues. New York: Springer. Leece, J and Peace, S (2010) Developing New Understandings of Independence and Autonomy in the Personalized Relationship. British Journal of Social work, 40, 1847–1865. Lombard, A. Kruger, E. (2009) older persons, the case of South Africa. Ageing International, 34: 119 – 135, available from http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=0294ee3e-afec-4dad-882a-3b6fd4656d61%40sessionmgr4001vid=2hid=4204 [Accessed 1 January 2014] May, L. A. (2009) Communities of practice in Health and Social Care. 2nd edition, Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell Nolan, M., Davies, S., and Grant, G. (2001) Working with older people and their families. Open University Press: McGraw Hill Education Rogers, C. (1974) On Becoming a Person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy. London: Constable. Talerico, K. (2004) Honoring Resident Autonomy in Long-Term Care Special Considerations. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 42, (1) Townsend, P. (2006)‘Policies for the aged in the 21st century: more ‘structured dependency’ or the realization of human rights?’Ageing and Society, 26 (02): 161 – 179 Zubi, Y. and Conolly, P. (2013) Recollected experiences of first hospitalization for acute psychosis among persons diagnosed with schizophrenia in South Africa. South African Journal of Psychiatry, 19 (3), p81-85. Little Red Riding Hood: Angela Carter Little Red Riding Hood: Angela Carter All fairy tales, both old and new that exist today can be said to have a long history that lies beneath them. However, some aspects of the fairy-tale history are somewhat hard to trace because its only the literary forms that can obviously survive. Furthermore, what we do know is that the majority of them have been around and retold for many years. Most, if not all of the famous fairy tales that we know have been adapted into various new versions as products of new challenging ideas around the society in which we live. Bonner states that fairy tales are the usual subjects of adaptation because of their massive appeal to both adults and children worldwide.  [1]  The story Little Red Riding Hood arguably offers a very interesting and challenging tale for enhancements through the application of the chosen contemporary theories in literary criticism that some critics have noticed throughout the years of its existence. Furthermore, in this essay I intend to compare Perraults version o f Little Red Riding Hood with Angela Carters version Company of Wolves. Little Red Riding Hood, Little Red Cap or simply Red Riding Hood is a European fairy-tale about a young innocent girl and a wolf. The tale was first published by Charles Perrault in 1697, which in fact was an adaptation of an older tale still. Thus, Perraults version ever since has been adapted and criticised throughout its history. Zipes holds the genre is relevant to contemporary culture as it holds issues that exist within gender and its society.  [2]   Perraults version was named Little Red Riding Hood. The red hood is seen as a popular symbol in Europe and North America. In the 19th century young daughters of wealthy families were painted in red caps or hoods. Erich Fromm considers the hood to symbolise menstruation and the approaching puberty that lingers upon the young person that wears it.  [3]   Perraults version can be described as a much more descriptive fairytale than many others. It begins with once upon a time  [4]  which the traditional way to start a fairy-tale and also gives the image of timelessness throughout the tale. This relates to the narration and the structure within the fairy-tale of which certainly precedes the middle classs existence within. It portrays the image of the little girl being highly attractive the prettiest creature who was ever seen.  [5]  She is also said to be extremely naÃÆ' ¯ve, the poor child who did not know it was dangerous to stay and hear the wolf talk.  [6]  This shows her innocence and that she isnt aware of the bad happenings in the outside world due to her controlled life at home and within her society, this relates to Trimmers view that both children and childrens tales should be kept away from such happenings within society that are out of the norm.  [7]   In Perraults version of the tale the little girls mother simply instructs her to take some food for her grandmother: never mentioning danger or anything that she should avoid on her journey, thus showing how safe society was perceived throughout the time. Tater argues it resembles a somewhat cautious tale to society, a wakeup call.  [8]   Moreover, the existence of the wolf within the tale gives the audience an image of a villain being portrayed. The wolf is seen as a popular image of danger in fairy tales as it is seen in this and other stories such as The Three Little Pigs. It is an obvious predator that exists within the forest and thus relates to a natural choice for the story rather than witches etc. it can also be portrayed as a metaphor for a sexually predatory man. He is of course the only male gender within the tale thus is portrayed as a powerful and strong figure, seen in the phrase gaffer wolf  [9]  personifying the wolf as the boss within the tale. He shows a strong influence upon the naÃÆ' ¯ve country girl as he persuades her to divert from the safe path in which she was on after foolishly telling him exactly where she was going. This clearly portrays to the audience a somewhat clear contrast between the village and its surrounding in which the girl lives, which is seen as safe and the dangers tha t are withheld in the wide world past what the little girl is used to. Hence, holding a strong morality message throughout the fairytale, warning people to stick to what they know. Tater identifies the tale as a place to work through people thoughts and anxieties about sexuality, gender and sometimes violence.  [10]  When Little Red Riding Hood makes it to the house, she has no sense of anything wrong and states What big arms you have!  [11]  Exclamation can be argued to be the favourite story element for tales, being seen as a story building tool that creates the anticipation and horror for the reader as they know that she isnt talking to her grandmother. Warner considers her initial failure to distinguish the wolf from her grandma as a crucial element within the story, as it creates the tension before the horrific ending of the fairy-tale. Furthermore, critics that exist such as Freud argue that there is evidence of underlying sexual motivations and tensions, evidence of this is the Hungry wolf simply not just eating the poor old grandmother, but he fell upon the good woman.  [12]  Feminist critics portray this as an image of rape and sexual tension. In addition, before he sadly digests the young girl he invites her to bed, come and lie down with me.  [13]  This can be seen as another sexual connotation within the tale, and also a disturbing image for its older audience. Thus being an innocent, clueless little girl she climbs into bed with him. Therefore by disobeying her mothers instructions and talking to strangers Freud dramatically insinuates that this struggle can only lead to her death which is the exact fate of Little Red Riding Hood, as he ate her up too.  [14]  The terrifying ending makes the tale seems more realistic leading to the moral at the end of the story of not talking to strangers and stay ing to paths in life you are familiar with; Bettelheim says it deliberately threatens the child with its anxiety producing ending.  [15]   Moreover, the tale of Little Red Riding Hood has been seen to undergo adaptation in relation to society of the time. Hence, in comparison to Perraults version, The Company of Wolves by Angela Carter. This can be found in her selection of short stories within Bloody Chamber. Throughout the short story Carter retells the famous fairytale in a somewhat gothic light. It is said to convey the completeness of corruption and unconventional ideas of sexuality and an ability to defend one using characteristics which are usually conveyed through a male such as slyness and confidence.  [16]  However, unlike the Perraults version, it takes place in a mountainous country on Christmas Eve in the dead of winter. Thus, in comparison to Perrault there are no flowers or sunshine present for the little girl to get distracted by on her walk to Grandma. Angela spends the first part of the story telling the reader terrifying folk tales of wolfs and werewolves that bombard society and proceed to do ruthless and evil deeds that live to kill. Clearly it adapts with the time within the story when food would be scarce and these creatures are said to lack the ability to listen to reason.  [17]  They are portrayed as forest assassins, grey members of a nightmare.  [18]  They were feared so great that children carried knifes around with them, seen as different to the original Little Red Riding Hood who isnt even warned of the dangers that she could encounter on her journey. In Carters version, the wolves are disguised as men and have to become naked to become a werewolf within the tale, If you spy a naked man in the forest run as if the devil were after you.  [19]  Moreover this can be seen to link to Perraults version, as it holds the notion of sexual tension and desires and involves the wolf as a sexual predator, a symbol of bo th danger and desire. However, Carters version holds a twist within the tale in that the young girl is able to triumph, by adapting her new found sexual desires and power and thus, gives in to notions of somewhat carnal desire, unlike Perraults characters that are seen to be weak and unable to fend for themselves. Furthermore, similar to Perraults version we see Little Red Riding Hood again to be all innocent as she is described as an unbroken egg, a sealed vessel  [20]  and also beautiful with pale skin and dark hair. In addition, as before she is taking food to her sick grandmother; however we see a sense of time and self-defence within this tale as she takes a large knife for her 2 hour trip,  [21]  and we are told its Christmas Eve again portraying that sense of time and place. However, due to her naivety and the way she has been brought up se doesnt think she is in danger as she is too loved to ever feel scared.  [22]  She is portrayed as the most beautiful and young girl in the family thus they want to keep her young. However, the difference between this girl and Perraults version is that she has a notion of menstruation and sexual readiness about her evidence of this is, the childs cheeks are an emblematic and scarlet white.  [23]  This portrays the young girl as being o n the verge of puberty and menstruation, thus adding to the idea of her vulnerability. This is further shown when she bumps into the wolf in the forest who is in fact a hunter and finds him immediately attractive. Compared to Perraults version of events Little Red Riding Hood makes friends with this stranger and foolishly lets him carry her basket which has her knife in. After a long walk, and when she has told him were she is going, he bribes her with a kiss for the winner of whoever gets to grandmas house first. Liking this idea she agrees and allows him to leave with her basket, this gives the image of bargaining with the notion of seduction. Unlike before little red riding hood shows her adolescence and sticks to the path shes on. However, she walks slowly to ensure he gets his kiss again showing her sexuality and desires. The wolf arrives at the grandmothers house as a completely different person that we have just witnessed before; he is chewing meat of his catch like a savage. Carter then links in the sexual connotations as he strips naked revealing a naked, hairy, lie covered body,  [24]  and his nipples that are as red as poison fruit.  [25]  He then devours her. However disgusting this image, it is portrayed as somewhat attractive and sexually arousing. The grandmother within the tale is old and feeble as in Perraults version also, however, she lives alone with her dog and bible. In the past she has lived her life as a devoted Christian and wife. She throws the bible at him showing some self-defence which the original grandmother doesnt even attempt in Perraults version, sadly though this isnt enough to help her against the wolf that is upon her. He then disposes all evidence and waits for the girl to arrive. Unlike the little girl in Perraults version upon her arrival in Carters short story she immediately realises that something isnt right and senses danger in grandmothers house, fear does her no good so she refuses to be afraid.  [26]  When she arrives there are uses of the same rhymes within the Perraults version, thus showing connections within the adapted version. However, in this tale the girl sees the wolf as strange, unknown creature and thus gives him his owed kiss and starts to undress herself. It is argued by Bettelheim that we can see Little Red Riding Hood wear her desires and sexuality literally on her sleeve. This is seen through her cape, as it portrays a sexual readiness and again symbolising menstruation and blood that she will shed when she loses her virginity. She shows a somewhat sexual power that allows her to intoxicate the lustful creature, small breasts gleamed as if snow had entered the room.  [27]  Evidently, the seduction gets reversed and we see the p ower shift as the girl becomes the sexual creature within the tale. This can be seen as the reason why grandma and the original little red riding hood didnt survive, she was old and lacked wit and tactfulness, Little Red Riding hood refuses to be weak and vulnerable as she survives and sacrifices her virginity to save her life, showing that self-defence that the original girl didnt have. She comments on the wolves teeth as in the original but when the wolf says all the better to eat you with  [28]  instead of screaming and having her fate decided, she laughs and says im nobodys meat  [29]  , Bacchilega interprets this meaning as acting out sexual desires offering her flesh not meat, hence sacrificing her body to him sexually then burning her cape in order to become one of the werewolves herself and adapt to his kind. The cottage is then surrounded by wolves howling a marriage song and the girl engages in a marriage ceremony conducted by the choir. Thus feminists state that s he does not call upon god or scream or get eaten. She freely exercises her own sexual power, trusting her own nature.  [30]  This then leads to sleeps in grannys bed, between the paws of her tender wolf.  [31]  A disturbing image towards its audience. It is also interesting to see that Carter uses a werewolf instead of a wolf that is used in Perraults version. Timmer states that this produces a moral message to its audience, whether that be children or adults that people should not judge others, people arent always what they seem.  [32]  Thus using a half wolf half human villain within the story allows us to identify with the wolf as people and maybe realise that we all have a little beast in us at some point. In conclusion, one of the many adapted versions of Perraults implies that sexuality is not something within our society that should be something we loath, fear or runaway from and a bad end, which we see within the Perraults version comes only form those in servile situations. Through Carter, we see the young girl take the power into her own hands and use it without fear or shame in order to survive unscathed unlike Perraults version, what ends in tragedy from both the grandma and Little Red Riding Hood. However, both versions are heavily criticised by many, especially feminists as they say it is full on female liberation that implies the view to the reader that nothing else in the world will save you against such horror and the only way to survive is through temptation, desire and the ability to fight fire with fire.

when i was a youngster :: Free Essay Writer

When I Was A Youngster†¦ Well I don’t really remember much of my childhood. But here is one story that I do remember. This was when I was about four of five. I was at my dad’s house for his birthday one weekend. That was also his birthday and memorial weekend too. That means that he will be having a lot of people over to party all night. He lives on a lake so when he has parties all his friends bring over there jet skies and boats, but I couldn’t drive them cause I was too little. It was still fun getting rides on them though. My dad also had a huge pull-barn. It was about as big as the cafeteria. That’s where everyone usually hangs out but not a lot of people were in there today. They were all out on the lake, playing volleyball, and sitting by the fire. It was getting pretty late into the night and the party started to calm down a little. A few people were still talking but the fire and also few people in the pull-barn. I decided to go talk to the guys by the fire. The cool thing about my dad’s friends is that they don’t talk to me as a little kid. They talked to me like I was the same age as them. That’s probably why I never had trouble with speech. After a while I got bored and I started walking into the pull-barn. All of a sudden a car came flying down the driveway and slammed on its breaks! They had a canoe on top of their car. I guess they forgot to tie it down tight cause as soon as they hit there breaks the canoe went flying across the yard and came within inches from my dads house. I could tell the driver was pretty messed up cause of the way he was driving and the way he was walking after he got out of the car. My Dad heard the accident and came running to see what happen. When he sees what the guy did he got really mad and started cussing him out and everything. It was crazy I have never seen my dad that mad in my life. But he wasn’t mad enough to hit him in front of me. So he just yelled and told me to left.

Transport Safety

Examples of products that have been designed against crime are:a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cars produced with alarm systems and tracking devices.Cars produced with these features are more difficult to steal because alarm systems and tracking devices harden the target and increase the risk of apprehension.b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Biometric locks.Biometric locks help prevent crime by target hardening.c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Secure bike parking stands.This locks both wheels and the frame of the bike to the stand hardening the target and increasing the risk for a criminal.d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Injection molded seats.These seats are virtually impervious to malicious criminal damage such as slashing with a knife or burning with cigarettes.e)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Security car battery.This car battery is designed to allow the car owner deactivate the battery on parking making it difficult for anyone without a spare battery to steal the car.f)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tamper evident containers.These c ontainers prevent retailers from substituting branded products with cheaper alternatives.g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Layout design of department stores.The layout of department stores is designed to reduce anonymity, freedom from surveillance and alternative escape routes. This answers the three basic questions potential shop lifters ask. Can I be seen? If I am seen will I be noticed? If I am seen and noticed will anybody do anything about it?These few examples were designed after extensive research and are quite effective in crime prevention. In all examples, targets have been hardened and the risk to offenders has been increased. The only limitations seen in store layout design is that many square meters that could have been used in product display are lost hence loss of revenue.But in the long run, the gain outweighs the loss. Another limitation to these new designs is that they tend to be more expensive than conventional designs but having said this, a design approach to crime preven tion provides practical solutions to problems that are often complex and multifaceted.

Truss Design and Analysis essays

Truss Design and Analysis essays Our five initial designs consisted of one with two triangulated cantilevered rods with one tension rod, another that was a three rod equilateral pyramid, the third was a triangular cantilevered beam with a tension rod and side support rods at the wall, another had three triangulated cantilevered rods with one tension rod, and the fifth was a purely 2-D right triangle truss. Each group member picked a design that he wanted to optimize. The ones chosen were the ones each of us initially came up with. We really already knew the ones we wanted to try on ANSYS so the other two were created just for part 1 of the project. We chose to further investigate the one with two triangulated cantilevered rods with one tension rod, the one that had three triangulated cantilevered rods with one tension rod, and the one with a triangular cantilevered beam with a tension rod and side support rods at the wall. This was one of our most basic truss designs for the contest. The concept of the design was simplicity and minimization of welds. It was initially thought that the failure would occur at one of the solder welds therefore if the number of welds was limited there would be less chance of failure. Initially the truss was created in ANSYS with just the 3 main beams from the wall to the loaded tip. Horizontal and vertical loads were applied to the tip and the system was solved. The stress and deflection were analyzed cross-members were added in the center of the beams. The simulation was solved again and reanalyzed and cross-members were again added at 25 and 75 percent of the length of the main beams. The cross members were used to prevent the buckling in the center of the beams by limiting the allowed deflection. With the three cross-member systems in place, the truss was resolved and the deflection and stresses were measured. After comparing the results from each of the configurations, it was determined that adding the cross-members...

Free Enterprise and the Role of Government in America

Free Enterprise and the Role of Government in America Americans often disagree about the appropriate role of government in the economy. This is demonstrated by the sometimes inconsistent approach to regulatory policy throughout American history. As  Christoper Conte and Albert Karr point out in their volume, Outline of the U.S. Economy, the American commitment to free markets continually endured since the dawn of the 21-century, even as  Americas capitalist  economy  remained a work in progress. History of Large Government The American belief in free enterprise does not and has not precluded a major role for government. Many times, Americans have depended on the government to break up or regulate companies that appeared to be developing so much power that they could defy market forces. In general, government grew larger and intervened more aggressively in the economy from the 1930s until the 1970s.   Citizens rely on the government to address matters the private economy overlooks in sectors ranging from education to protecting the environment. Despite their advocacy of market principles, Americans have used government at times in history to nurture new industries or even to protect American companies from competition. Shift Towards Less Government Intervention But economic hardships in the 1960s and 1970s left Americans skeptical about the ability of government to address many social and economic issues. Major social programs (including Social Security and Medicare, which, respectively, provide retirement income and health insurance for the elderly) survived this period of reconsideration. But the overall growth of the federal government slowed in the 1980s. A Flexible Service Economy The pragmatism and flexibility of Americans have resulted in an unusually dynamic economy. Change has been a constant in American economic history. As a result, the once agrarian country is far more urban today than it was 100, or even 50, years ago. Services have become increasingly important relative to traditional manufacturing. In some industries, mass production has given way to more specialized production that emphasizes product diversity and customization. Large corporations have merged, split up and reorganized in numerous ways. New industries and companies that did not exist at the midpoint of the 20th-century now play a major role in the nations economic life. Employers are becoming less paternalistic, and employees are expected to be more self-reliant. Increasingly, government and business leaders emphasize the importance of developing a highly skilled and flexible workforce in order to ensure the countrys future economic success.

In the Dark of Night Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

In the Dark of Night - Essay Example Nothing in our history has been so heinous a crime and yet some people actually survived the ordeal and wrote about the experience. The book Night by Elie Wiesel, is a true account of Wiesel's experience in the Nazi concentration camp system, and it is one book among many that shows the courage and faith of a people who had a strong will to survive. 1. The Climate of the State The nature of the State was brewing prior to the actual years of the Holocaust. Wiesel begins his experiences in 1941 when he was 12 years old. However, the State became volatile after the first world war. After this war, the Germans had lost face with the rest of the world. The US, Britain, France and Italy were Allies and wanted to make sure that the Germans would not go to war again (Wood 31). The Allies signed The Treaty of Versailles, which made the Germans lose part of their land and pay "crippling reparations" (Wood 31). Another important event was the Locarno Pact that was between Britain, Italy, Czecho slovakia, France, Germany, Poland and Belgium. This Pact was to confirm Europe's borders that had been set at the Treaty of Versailles. However, Hitler was present at that meeting and decided by 1928 that this rule did not apply to him (Wood 31). Hitler understood that the common German people were upset about their loss and feeling disillusioned. By 1936, Hitler totally ignored the Locarno Pact and moved forward with his goal of annihilating a race. Hitler made the German people believe that the cause of their trouble was the outsiders, which he named the communists and Jews (Wood 33). His rule was based on anti-Semitic over exaggerations and on creating fear about the Jews who were very different from everyone else. The challenge for most people is to understand why Hitler chose to single out the Jews for his wrath. According to Bryan Caplan, Professor of Economics at George Mason University, Hitler went after the Jews because he could. Hitler systematically looked for a target th at matched what he had learned about evolutions. He chose the Jews because they were the "right kind of victim", and they made sense for him to prosecute them. He weighted many options to come to this conclusion. Hitler understood that these were people who would not fight back, and he took advantage of the situation as best he could. The nature of the State at that time was one of fear, ridicule, anger and hate. 2. Relationship between Civilization and the Individual The Jews were a successful race of people because they stayed to themselves and only helped each other. Their religion did not ask them to fight back so they became an easy target. They were very devout in their religion, they loved their families, their community and they thought they were safe. Their civilization was organized and structured and as Tevye the milkman said in Fiddler on the Roof "Everyone knows who he is and what God expects him to do" (Holland 2). At this time, the Jews understood who they were in the ir communities and they were a collaborative people who helped each other collectively. However, the Nazi Regime pushed them into thinking of themselves as individuals. Dienke Hondius, a professor at VU University in Amsterdam, compared the events of the Holocaust with what happened in slavery. She points to the themes of genocide, racism, and human rights violations (S63) that were prevalent in both situations. Also, the issue of family, community and religion were the same for both cultures. However, when the slaves came to America they were also treated as individuals. In both instances, the idea of autonomous individual did not exist for the Jews or for the slaves before the interference of outsiders to their civilization. Now, having to move away

The family in America Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The family in America - Assignment Example I do believe that there are instances in which one does not need to cite sources, of which I believe that this was an example of such a case. Some of the information presented on page two and three is original based on original research, while the rest may be considered as common knowledge. For example, most problems that face today’s family are not new and have been discussed by the media and with friends. As a result, I considered these to be original thoughts and ideas. Moreover, some of these issues, like children no longer being a reason for families to stay together, are issues that are easily observed. I also noted the reader’s comment about a lack of important detail to illustrate ideas presented by Hansen on page 4 and 5. Indeed, Hansen’s article is the basis of this paper and a lot of care was taken to ensure that her ideas were integrated into the paper as comprehensively as possible. As a result, I strived to include the concept of the family as discussed by Hansen in the article in accordance to the paper’s instructions. The paper especially sought to present Hansen’s argument on how working life for parents, as well as the informal networks constructed by parents, help in caring for children. Most importantly, however, I set out to incorporate her thoughts on the challenges and triumphs that families face in relation to social class, which I believe was essential to answering the research question. Not all concepts of the family covered by Hansen were included, since some of them did not fit with the thesis of the paper regarding the centrality o f kin as providers of care. Therefore, some of the concepts of family may have been left out. Finally, the reader also commented that the quote by Braithwaite could have been analysed and discussed further and I do agree with this observation. Since this quote formed part of my introduction, it was only meant to provide background information on how individuals render voluntary